经济学人：女神莎拉·伯恩哈特，第一位艺术家超级巨星

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"There are five kinds of actresses," Mark Twain once wrote.

马克·吐温曾写道：“女演员分为五种。”

"Bad actresses, fair actresses, good actresses, great actresses—and then there is Sarah Bernhardt." No one was, or ever had been, quite like her.

“坏女演员、漂亮女演员、好女演员、伟大的女演员--然后是莎拉·伯恩哈特。”从来没有人，像她那样。

The French performer was celebrated not only for her enchanting voice, but also as "the queen of the pose and the princess of the gesture".

这位法国演员不仅因为她迷人的嗓音而受到赞誉，还被誉为“姿势女王和姿势公主”。

She played the greatest roles written by Dumas,

她扮演了大仲马、莫里哀和莎士比亚笔下最伟大的角色，

Molière and Shakespeare and is thought to have inspired the character of La Berma in Proust's "In Search of Lost Time".

被认为是普鲁斯特的《追忆似水年华》中拉贝尔玛这个角色的灵感来源。

A new exhibition in Paris, "And the woman created the star", marks the centenary of Bernhardt's death in March 1923.

为纪念1923年3月伯恩哈特逝世一百周年，巴黎举办了一场名为《创造了这颗星的女人》的新展览。

Bernhardt had been acting from a young age, but did not break out until her late 20s,

伯恩哈特从小就开始演戏，但直到快30岁才爆火，

when she played Phèdre in Racine's tragedy at the Comédie-Fran?aise.

当时她在法国剧团《拉辛的悲剧》中扮演法德丽时。

The theatre company was prestigious, yet soon it was Bernhardt the public was flocking to see.

这家剧院很有声望，但很快公众就蜂拥去看伯恩哈特。

After a successful tour of Britain she cut them loose and embarked on the first of several lucrative tours of America.

在一次成功的英国之旅后，她摆脱了他们，开始了利润丰厚的美国之旅中的第一次。

She travelled in a manner appropriate to a modern-day diva, making use of a personal train carriage which carried her maid, cook and leading man.

她以一种适合现代女星的方式旅行，使用一节私人火车车厢，车厢里载着她的女仆、厨师和男主角。

The public was as enraptured by her unconventional private life as it was by her skill on the stage.

公众对她不同寻常的私生活，和对她在舞台上的技巧一样着迷。

Bernhardt was unapologetically, and publicly, promiscuous.

伯恩哈特毫无歉意，而且公开地滥交。

It is thought her lovers included Victor Hugo—when she was 27 and he 70—Gustave Doré and the Prince of Wales,

据说她的情人包括维克多·雨果--当时她27岁，雨果70岁--古斯塔夫·多雷和威尔士亲王，

as well as a number of her fellow actors.

以及她的一些演员同行。

She proudly raised her son, whom she claimed was fathered by a Belgian aristocrat, as a single mother.

作为一名单身母亲，她自豪地将她的儿子抚养成人，她声称儿子的父亲是一位比利时贵族。

She owned a vast menagerie of exotic animals which included a cheetah and an alligator,

她养了一大批珍奇动物，包括一只猎豹和一只短吻鳄，

and kept a satin-lined coffin in her bedroom in which she sometimes slept.

并在她的卧室里放了一口绸缎棺材，她有时会睡在里面。

It was Bernhardt herself who provided the press with a photograph of the coffin, for she understood the importance of self-mythologising.

正是伯恩哈特本人向媒体提供了一张棺材的照片，因为她明白自我神话的重要性。

She cannily took advantage of the latest technology to disseminate her image around the world.

她巧妙地利用最新技术将自己的形象传播到世界各地。

She was photographed by Félix Nadar, considered the first celebrity photographer, and employed Alphonse Mucha, an artist,

费利克斯·纳达尔拍摄了她的照片，他被认为是第一位名人摄影师，并聘请了艺术家阿方斯·穆查，

to create posters of her using the new technique of lithography.

用新的平版印刷技术制作了她的海报。

Her name was used to sell everything from Pears Soap to Columbia bicycles.

她的名字被用来销售从梨香皂到哥伦比亚自行车的各种商品。

A short documentary made by France Culture, available on YouTube, argues that Bernhardt should be considered the first influencer.

YouTube上的一部由法国文化制作的短纪录片认为，伯恩哈特应该被认为是第一个有影响力的人。

Unsurprisingly, she was drawn to the medium of film when it emerged.

不出所料，当电影这一媒介出现时，她就被吸引了。

In 1900 a short recording was made of her turn as Hamlet, in which she can be seen duelling with Laertes.

1900年，一段简短的录音记录了她扮演哈姆雷特的情景，在录音中可以看到她与莱尔提斯决斗。

She starred as Queen Elizabeth I in a hit silent film of 1912, and it made her the first international movie star at the age of 68.

1912年，她在一部轰动一时的无声电影中饰演伊丽莎白一世女王，这使她在68岁时成为第一位国际电影明星。

A few years later she was the subject of one of the earliest "celebrity at home" documentaries.

几年后，她成为了最早的一部《名人在家》纪录片的主角。

When Bernhardt died in 1923, at the age of 79,

伯恩哈特于1923年去世，享年79岁，

hundreds of thousands of people lined the streets of Paris as her coffin was transported to Père Lachaise cemetery.

当她的棺材被运到Père Lachaise公墓时，数十万人列队在巴黎的街道两旁。

The monument was engraved only with her name.

纪念碑上只刻着她的名字。

Nothing else was needed.

不需要其他任何东西。

The world knew who she was.

全世界都知道她是谁。